No
Yes
Two agreements in same year
Three agreements in same year etcetera
four, …
Does not apply (level = 1)
Disarticulated bargaining; additional enterprise bargaining on wages is also con
Articulated bargaining: additional enterprise bargaining on wages is recognized
Disarticulated bargaining: additional enterprise bargaining on wages is informal
Confederation has no mandate to negotiate agreements
Confederation has mandate to negotiate agreement with employers and/or governmen
Confederation has no control over appointment process
Affiliates and confederations share control
Confederation appoints or has veto (directly or through government approval)
No joint strike or resistance fund held by confederation
Joint strike or resistance fund is limited (< 50 percent of total union expendit
Joint strike or resistance fund has significant size (>=50 percent of total unio
Score 0 on RI (routine involvement in consultation)
Score 1 on RI (routine involvement in consultation)
Score 2 on RI (routine involvement in consultation)
Confederation has no power over strikes organised by its affiliates
Confederation can end strikes through central procedures of conflict settlement
All strikes need prior approval from confederation
Fragmented wage bargaining, confined largely to individual firms or plants
Mixed industry and firm-level bargaining, weak government coordination through M
Negotiation guidelines based on centralized bargaining
Wage norms based on centralized bargaining by peak associations with or without
Maximum or minimum wage rates/increases based on centralized bargaining
No cleavages – united confederation
Sharp (political, ideological, organisational) cleavages associated with conflic
No cleavages (single jurisdictions – industry unions or enterprise unions)
Sharp cleavages associated with conflict and competition (multiple unions within
Favourability is inversed, enterprise agreements favoured over higher-order agre
Relationship between agreements is matter for contracting parties (not defined i
Favourability principle is anchored in law, derogation possible under conditions
Favourability is anchored in law and strictly applied, no derogation
There are neither legal provisions for mandatory extension, nor is there a funct
Extension is exceptional, used in some industries only, because of absence of se
Extension is used in many industries, but with thresholds and Ministers candecid
Extension is virtually automatic and more or less general (including enlargement
No additional enterprise-level bargaining on wages (or does not apply, if level=
Additional enterprise bargaining on wages is rare even in large firms
Additional enterprise bargaining on wages occurs only in large firms
Additional enterprise bargaining on wages is common
No government influence over wage bargaining
Government influences wage bargaining by providing an institutional framework of
Government influences wage bargaining indirectly through price-ceilings, indexat
The government participates directly in wage bargaining (tripartite bargaining,
The government imposes private sector wage settlements, places a ceiling on barg
Bargaining predominantly takes place at the local or company level
Intermediate or alternating between sector and company bargaining
Bargaining predominantly takes place at the sector or industry level
Intermediate or alternating between central and industry bargaining
Bargaining predominantly takes place at central or cross-industry level with bin
out of range
No statutory minimum wage, no sectoral or national agreements
Minimum wages are set by (sectoral) collective agreement or tripartite wage boar
Minimum wages are set by national agreement (autonomous agreement) between union
National minimum wage is set by agreement (as in 1 or 2) but extended and made b
National minimum wage is set through tripartite negotiations
National minimum wage is set by government, but after (non-binding) tripartite c
Minimum wage set by judges or expert committee, as in award-system
Minimum wage is set by government but government is bound by fixed rule (index-b
Minimum wage is set by government, without fixed rule
No statutory minimum wage
Statutory minimum wage in some sectors (occupations, regions/states) only
Statutory national (cross-sectoral or inter-occupational) minimum wage exists
Agreements contain no opening clauses
Agreements contain crisis-related opening clauses, defined as temporary change o
Agreements contain general opening clauses, defined as renegotiation of contract
No pact
Narrow pacts, dealing with one issue and not extending into lower-level (firm or
Broad pacts, dealing with several issues
Pact is declaratory or symbolic e.g. declares that henceforth concertation shall
Two pacts in same year
Three pacts in same year
No pact or agreement
Pact is negotiated by government, all (mainstream) union confederations and empl
Pact is negotiated without major (mainstream) union(s)
Pact is negotiated without major (mainstream) employers association(s)
Pact is negotiated between unions and employers, but with heavy involvement of t
Agreement is negotiated between unions and employers, but implemented through le
Agreement is negotiated between unions and employers and implemented without gov
Tax-based incomes policy
Regulatory or reform pact
Neither category, unknown or symbolic
Yes, with major restrictions (e.g. monopoly union, government authorization, maj
Yes, with minor restrictions (e.g. recognition procedures, thresholds, only mili
Yes, with major restrictions (e.g. monopoly union, prior authorization, major gr
Yes, with minor restrictions (e.g. recognition procedures, workplace elections,
Yes, with minor restrictions (e.g. registration, thresholds, only military, as p
Yes, with minor restrictions (e.g. registration, thresholds)
No concertation, involvement is rare or absent
Partial concertation, irregular and infrequent involvement
Full concertation, regular and frequent involvement
Yes, with major restrictions (e.g. monopoly union, compulsory arbitration or con
Yes, with minor restrictions (e.g. recognized union, balloting, proportionality,
Yes, with major restrictions (e.g. monopoly union, compulsory arbitration, major
Weak, or none
Medium (only one side, no joint institutions)
Strong institutions (both employers and unions, some joint institutions)
No permanent council
Council with various societal interest representatives, including unions and emp
Tripartite council with representation from trade unions, employers associations
Uncoordinated bargaining.
Pattern bargaining
Intra-associational (informal centralisation)
Inter-associational by peak associations
State-sponsored bargaining (this includes pacts)
State-imposed bargaining (incl. Statutory controls in lieu of bargaining)
Union does not negotiate sector agreements
Union negotiates agreements at sector level allowing enterprise or company branc
Union negotiates enforceable agreement at sector level and has veto power over c
Union (affiliate) has no control over appointment or election of workplace repre
Union (affiliate) can veto candidates for workplace representation
Union (affiliate) appoints workplace representatives
National union (affiliates) depend on financial contribution from constitutive b
Local and workplace branches have autonomous funds from direct member or employe
Local and workplace branches are financed by the national union (affiliate)
Union (affiliate) has no strike fund
Union (affiliate) has small strike funds from which some reimbursement (<70 perc
Union (affiliate) has large strike fund from which striking members are reimburs
Union (affiliate) cannot veto or end enterprise strike
Union (affiliate) can end enterprise strikes through central procedure of confli
Union (affiliate) has veto over enterprise strikes
Works council or similar institutions of employee representation confronting man
Works councils are voluntary, i.e. even where they are mandated by law, there ar
Existence and rights of works council or structure for employee representation w
Does not apply; works councils or similar institutions do not exist or are excep
Works councils formally barred from negotiating agreements and works councils ne
Works councils formally, by law or agreement, barred from negotiating agreements
Works councils or mandated representatives formally negotiate collective agreeme
Information and consultation rights (without judicial redress)
Economic and social rights, consultation (advice, with possibility of judicial r
Economic and social rights, including codetermination on some issues (e.g., merg
Single-channel works councils, union-based representation, no legal provisions f
Split-channel works councils, employee elected works councils mandatory whith no
Dual-channel works councils, union dominated representation, elected, based on l
Single-channel works councils, union-based representation, elected by union memb
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